「Outgroup」の版間の差分
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*外群(日本語) | *外群(日本語) | ||
* (Español) | * (Español) | ||
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===Glossary of "Cladistics (2nd ed.)" by [[Kitching_Forey_Humphries_Williams_1998|Kitching et al. (1998)]]=== | ===Glossary of "Cladistics (2nd ed.)" by [[Kitching_Forey_Humphries_Williams_1998|Kitching et al. (1998)]]=== | ||
*A taxon used in a cladistic analysis for comparative purposes, usually with respect to character [[polarity]] determination. Cf. [[ingroup]]. | *A taxon used in a cladistic analysis for comparative purposes, usually with respect to character [[polarity]] determination. Cf. [[ingroup]]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Glossary of Plant Systematics (1st ed.) by [[Simpson_2006|Simpson (2006)]] === | ||
+ | *A taxon or group of taxa that is not a member of the ingroup. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Glossary of "Life (9th ed.)" by [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava et al. (2011)]] === | ||
+ | *In phylogenetics, a group of [[organism|organisms]] used as a point of reference for comparison with the groups of primary interest (the [[ingroup]]). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==="Phylogenetics" by [[Wiley_1981|Wiley (1981)]], p. 7=== | ||
+ | *An out-group is a species or higher monophyletic taxon that is examined in the course of a phylogenetic study to determine which of two homologous characters may be inferred to be apomorphic. One or several out-groups may be examined for each decision. The most critical out-group comparisons involve the sister group of the taxon studied. | ||
== 文献(引用) == | == 文献(引用) == | ||
*[[Kitching_Forey_Humphries_Williams_1998|Kitching, I. J., Forey, P. L. Humphries, C. J. & Williams, D. M. 1998. Cladistics, 2nd ed.: the Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis. -xii + 228 pp. Oxford University Press, New York.]] | *[[Kitching_Forey_Humphries_Williams_1998|Kitching, I. J., Forey, P. L. Humphries, C. J. & Williams, D. M. 1998. Cladistics, 2nd ed.: the Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis. -xii + 228 pp. Oxford University Press, New York.]] | ||
+ | * [[Simpson_2006|Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. -xi + 590 pp. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford.]] | ||
+ | * [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R. 2011. Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed. -xliv + 1266 pp. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.]] | ||
+ | *[[Wiley_1981|Wiley, E. O. 1981. Phylogenetics: the Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. -xv + 439 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.]] | ||
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[[Category:植物]] | [[Category:植物]] | ||
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[[Category:研究]] | [[Category:研究]] | ||
[[Category:教育]] | [[Category:教育]] | ||
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[[Category:生態]] | [[Category:生態]] | ||
[[Category:形態]] | [[Category:形態]] | ||
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[[Category:進化]] | [[Category:進化]] | ||
[[Category:用語]] | [[Category:用語]] |
2017年4月5日 (水) 20:37時点における最新版
outgroup (out-group)
- 外群(日本語)
- (Español)
Definition
Glossary of "Cladistics (2nd ed.)" by Kitching et al. (1998)
- A taxon used in a cladistic analysis for comparative purposes, usually with respect to character polarity determination. Cf. ingroup.
Glossary of Plant Systematics (1st ed.) by Simpson (2006)
- A taxon or group of taxa that is not a member of the ingroup.
Glossary of "Life (9th ed.)" by Sadava et al. (2011)
- In phylogenetics, a group of organisms used as a point of reference for comparison with the groups of primary interest (the ingroup).
"Phylogenetics" by Wiley (1981), p. 7
- An out-group is a species or higher monophyletic taxon that is examined in the course of a phylogenetic study to determine which of two homologous characters may be inferred to be apomorphic. One or several out-groups may be examined for each decision. The most critical out-group comparisons involve the sister group of the taxon studied.
文献(引用)
- Kitching, I. J., Forey, P. L. Humphries, C. J. & Williams, D. M. 1998. Cladistics, 2nd ed.: the Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis. -xii + 228 pp. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. -xi + 590 pp. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford.
- Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R. 2011. Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed. -xliv + 1266 pp. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
- Wiley, E. O. 1981. Phylogenetics: the Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. -xv + 439 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.