Evolution

evolution

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Definition

Glossary of Plant Systematics (1st ed.) by Simpson (2006)

• Descent with modification; the transfer of genetic material from parent(s) to offspring over time, with a corresponding change in that genetic material.

Glossary of "Evolution (3rd ed.)" by Futuyma (2013)

• In a broad sense, the origin of entities possessing different states of one or more characteristics and changes in the proportions of those entities over time. Organic evolution, or biological evolution, is a change over time in the proportions of individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits. Such changes transpire by the origin and subsequent alteration of the frequencies of genotypes from generation to generation within populations, by alteration of the proportions of genetically differentiated populations within a species, or by changes in the numbers of species with different characteristics, thereby altering the frequency of one or more traits within a higher taxon.

Glossary of "The Third Chimpanzee" by Diamond (2014)

• the changing pattern of life forms over time as new species arise because of mutations, and old species become extinct

Glossary of "Evolution (4th ed.)" by Futuyma & Kirkpatrick (2017)

• In a broad sense, the origin of entities possessing different states of one or more characteristics and changes in the proportions of those entities over time. Organic evolution, or biological evolution, is a change over time in the proportions of individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits. Such changes transpire by the origin and subsequent alteration of the frequencies of genotypes from generation to generation within populations, by alteration of the proportions of genetically differentiated populations within a species, or by changes in the numbers of species with different characteristics, thereby altering the frequency of one or more traits within a higher taxon.

Glossary of "Life (9th ed.)" by Sadava et al. (2011)

• Any gradual change. Most often refers to organic or Darwinian evolution, which is the genetic and resulting phenotypic change in populations of organisms from generation to generation. (See macroevolution, microevolution; contrast with speciation.)

Glossary of "Principles of Behavioral Genetics" by Anholt & Mackay (2010)

• A change in allele frequencies in a population.

"A Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics (2nd ed.)" by Lincoln et al. (1998)

• 1: Any gradual directional change; unfolding. 2: Any cumulative change in the characteristics of organisms or populations from generation to generation; descent or development with modification; evolve.

文献（引用）

• Anholt, R. R. H. & Mackay, T. F. C. 2010. Principles of Behavioral Genetics. x + 334 pp. Academic Press, San Diego.
• Diamond, J. (Adapted by Stefoff, R.) 2014. The Third Chimpanzee, For Young People, on the Evolution and Future of the Human Animal. xiii + 370 pp. Seven Stories Press, New York.
• Futuyma, D. J. 2013. Evolution, 3rd ed. -xviii + 656 + 14 + 37 + 2 + 36 pp. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
• Futuyma, D. J. & Kirkpatrick, M. 2017. Evolution, 4th ed. -xviii + 602 pp. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
• Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P. 1998. A Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. ix + 361 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R. 2011. Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed. -xliv + 1266 pp. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.
• Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. -xi + 590 pp. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford.

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