「Outgroup」の版間の差分

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== 文献(引用) ==
 
== 文献(引用) ==
 
*[[Kitching_Forey_Humphries_Williams_1998|Kitching, I. J., Forey, P. L. Humphries, C. J. & Williams, D. M.  1998.  Cladistics, 2nd ed.: the Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis.  -xii + 228 pp.  Oxford University Press, New York.]]
 
*[[Kitching_Forey_Humphries_Williams_1998|Kitching, I. J., Forey, P. L. Humphries, C. J. & Williams, D. M.  1998.  Cladistics, 2nd ed.: the Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis.  -xii + 228 pp.  Oxford University Press, New York.]]
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* [[Simpson_2006|Simpson, M. G.  2006.  Plant Systematics. -xi + 590 pp.  Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford.]]
 
* [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R.  2011.  Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed.  -xliv + 1266 pp.  Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.]]
 
* [[Sadava_Hillis_Heller_Berenbaum_2011|Sadava, D., Hillis, D. M., Heller, H. C. & Berenbaum, M. R.  2011.  Life: The Science of Biology, 9th ed.  -xliv + 1266 pp.  Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.]]
 
*[[Wiley_1981|Wiley, E. O.  1981.  Phylogenetics: the Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics.  -xv + 439 pp.  John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.]]
 
*[[Wiley_1981|Wiley, E. O.  1981.  Phylogenetics: the Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics.  -xv + 439 pp.  John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.]]

2017年4月5日 (水) 20:37時点における最新版

outgroup (out-group)

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Definition

Glossary of "Cladistics (2nd ed.)" by Kitching et al. (1998)

  • A taxon used in a cladistic analysis for comparative purposes, usually with respect to character polarity determination. Cf. ingroup.

Glossary of Plant Systematics (1st ed.) by Simpson (2006)

  • A taxon or group of taxa that is not a member of the ingroup.

Glossary of "Life (9th ed.)" by Sadava et al. (2011)

  • In phylogenetics, a group of organisms used as a point of reference for comparison with the groups of primary interest (the ingroup).

"Phylogenetics" by Wiley (1981), p. 7

  • An out-group is a species or higher monophyletic taxon that is examined in the course of a phylogenetic study to determine which of two homologous characters may be inferred to be apomorphic. One or several out-groups may be examined for each decision. The most critical out-group comparisons involve the sister group of the taxon studied.

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